Combined Rhizotomy: a small window of bone removed in order to see the spinal nerves.
The nerves are each tested with small electrical probes. A small rootlet is isolated and cut.
Lumbar vertebra
Applied Cognition, glymphatic system
Chiari malformation
Spinal extradural arachnoid cysts (SEACs) are uncommon spinal lesions that may cause myelopathy, most frequently in the 2nd decade of life. Three contiguous but separate spinal cysts were identified intraoperatively, and they were completely excised with closure of the dural defects. The patient recovered motor and sensory function of the lower extremities. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 2020, cover https://doi.org/10.3171/2019.12.PEDS19108
Perivascular spaces, also known as Virchow-Robin spaces are fluid-filled spaces in the brain that surrounds small arterioles, capillaries and venules in the brain.Biological Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.06.025
The primary intraparenchymal meningioma of thefrontal lobe (A) with no apparent dural attachment. Thepresumption is that arachnoid cells present in the pia matermigrate together with penetrating blood vessels duringbrain development (B).World Neurosurgery, Sept. 2021https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2021.06.139
Before (left) and after (right) of a large encephalocele (herniation of meninges and brain) through the base of the anterior skull into the mouth.
Pneumorrhachis: The most frequent initial mechanism is an increase in intraalveolar pressure (acute asthma, recurrent vomiting, or closed thoracic trauma). Barotrauma and alveolar rupture allow air migration along the bronchial tree up to the mediastinum. The collected air then separates the mediastinal pleura from the aorta and the parietal pleura from the spine; therefore, it enters the epidural space via the intervertebral foramina. The suddenness, more than the size of the pneumothorax, induces this initial increase in intra-alveolar pressure. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine Oct 2020 https://doi.org/10.3171/2020.6.SPINE20648
Meet in the middle technique. The neurosurgeon removes the intracranial cyst and sinus tract working through a small bifrontal craniotomy and drilling through the foramen cecum. The plastic surgeon excises the nasal punctum and uses an external rhinoplasty to remove the extracranial lesion. Child's Nervous System, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-020-04499-5
Tube within tube
Tentorium
Invasive EEG monitoring for epilepsy
Nerve conduction and transmission: Key cellular components
Human nervous system
ER 2018-00017_Fig 1+k+j2
Figure_1_ETV_draft9
Brainstem_Gliomas_final
The Mesolimbic Dopamine System in Chronic Pain and Associated Affective Comorbidities Biological Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.10.018
Brain structures involved in psychiatric conditions
Endoscope-assisted microsurgery of the posterior fossa. Cerebellum is retracted; retractor not shown. SCA: superior cerebellar artery. SPV: superior petrosal vein. AICA: anterior inferior cerebellar artery. IAM: internal acoustic meatus.
Nerve structure
Neuron, neuromuscular junction
Multiple sclerosis
JANE FASE7-Theme3rough3
Despite recent technological advances, direct approaches to the posterolateral incisural space remain surgical challenges. The extreme lateral infratentorial supracerebellar approach to treat pathologies located in the ambient cistern and posterior incisural space is a technically feasible route in selected cases. World Neurosurgery, July 2016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.04.017
Despite recent technological advances, direct approaches to the posterolateral incisural space remain surgical challenges. The extreme lateral infratentorial supracerebellar approach to treat pathologies located in the ambient cistern and posterior incisural space is a technically feasible route in selected cases. World Neurosurgery, July 2016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.04.017
Endoscope-Assisted Microsurgical Subtemporal Keyhole Approach to the Posterolateral Suprasellar Region and Basal Cisterns World Neurosurgery July 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.02.054
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis
